Resumen El 14 marzo de 2020 se decretó en España el estado de alarma incluyendo medidas restrictivas de movilidad y de la actividad económica. Estas restricciones provocaron cambios en los hábitos de vida, entretenimiento y consumo de medios. La constante necesidad de información impulsó a la televisión como canal de confianza para acercar la actualidad a la ciudadanía. La interrupción de la programación con avances informativos marcó la parrilla televisiva y disparó su consumo, sobre todo en momentos de confinamiento estricto. Se produjo una caída de la inversión publicitaria en televisión de -18,4% respecto a 2019 y de -50% en los meses de abril y mayo. El incremento del consumo de televisión se puede explicar por dos motivos: la necesidad de información sobre el contexto epidemiológico y el incremento del tiempo que el ciudadano pasó en su residencia como consecuencia de las restricciones de movilidad. El primer punto puede contrastarse con el aumento significativo de la audiencia de los telediarios, el segundo, estudiando la correlación entre consumo y movilidad de los ciudadanos. Este análisis permite predecir el consumo televisivo en función de la movilidad y diseñar mejores estrategias de planificación de medios adaptadas a los posibles escenarios provocados por el covid-19.

Resumo Em 14 de março de 2020, foi decretado o estado de alarme na Espanha com medidas restritivas de mobilidade e atividade econômica. Essas restrições provocaram mudanças nos hábitos de vida, no entretenimento e no consumo midiático. A constante necessidade de informação impulsionou a televisão como canal de confiança para aproximar a população da realidade. A interrupção da programação com notícias extraordinárias marcou a programação televisiva e disparou seu consumo, principalmente em momentos de confinamento estrito. Foi produzida uma queda do investimento publicitário em televisão de -18,4% em comparação a 2019 e de -50% nos meses de abril e maio. O aumento do consumo de televisão pode ser explicado por dois motivos: a necessidade de informações sobre o contexto epidemiológico e o aumento do tempo que o cidadão passou em sua casa como consequência das restrições de mobilidade. O primeiro ponto pode ser contrastado com a elevação significativa da audiência dos telejornais; o segundo, estudando a correlação entre consumo e mobilidade dos cidadãos. Esta análise permite predizer o consumo televisivo em função da mobilidade e elaborar melhores estratégias de planejamento midiático adaptadas aos possíveis cenários provocados pela covid-19.

Abstract On March 14, 2020, a state of alarm was decreed in Spain, including restrictive mobility and economic activity measures. These restrictions caused changes in life habits, entertainment, and media consumption. The constant need for information promoted television as a trusted channel to bring current affairs closer to citizens. The interruption of programming with news flashes marked the program schedule and triggered TV consumption, especially during strict lockdown. There was a drop in television advertising investment of -18.4 % compared to 2019 and -50 % in April and May. Two reasons can explain the increase in TV consumption: the need for information on the epidemiological context and the increased time that citizens spent in their residence due to mobility restrictions. The first point can be contrasted with the significant increase in the audience of newscasts and the second with the correlation between citizens’ consumption and mobility. This analysis makes it possible to predict TV consumption based on mobility and design better media planning strategies tailored to the possible scenarios caused by COVID-19.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the potentialities of the application of membrane technology in biodiesel purification without need of the decantation step. A new composite UF membrane was prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride) casting solution (17 wt%) containing a sulfonated Carbon (20 wt%). The assays were performed in a dead-end filtration cell with synthetic mixtures of the transesterification reaction products. The influence of two operational variables was analyzed, transmembrane pressure (∆P = 4-8 bar) and temperature (T = 50-60°C). The membrane performance was evaluated determining the flux and the permeate compositions. Temperature resulted to be the most important operational variable. An increase in 10°C duplicated the permeate flux at 6 and 8 bar. The best performance was obtained at 60°C and 8 bar, with a flux of 12.6 Lm-2h-1. In this operative conditions, the influence of the added acidified water (Wadd = 0-20 %v/v) in the synthetic mixture was evaluated, which increased considerably permeate fluxes. Finally, the impact of synthetic mixture composition was determined for the assayed best operational conditions. The higher flux value was measured in the mixture with less glycerol and without soaps. In all assays the biodiesel retention was complete and the permeates were composed mainly of glycerol and ethanol.

Abstract: Octavio Paz once wrote that Juan Ramon Jimenez’s poem Espacio was “a monument of contemporary poetic consciousness”. This long poem certainly goes far beyond most of the Spanish poetry written in the 20th century and universalizes the Spanish poetic tradition by putting it into contact with modern literary trends. But if Espacio is so outstanding, it is because it is a poem of inexhaustible mystery, with the result that each rereading forges new lines of interpretation. The present study attempts to define these hermeneutical lines, distinguishing between the motifs (the sea, the woman, the tree, the bird, the dog...), the subject (the anecdotes in the poem) and the themes (such recurring concerns as time-space, god, consciousness and love, which all gravitate around the central theme of consciousness, seen as individual self-knowledge).

Resumen: Decía Octavio Paz que Espacio de Juan Ramón Jiménez era “un monumento de la conciencia poética contemporánea”. Ciertamente, este poema largo rebasa gran parte de la tradición poética española del siglo XX y universaliza nuestra poesía conectándola con las corrientes literarias modernas. Pero la maravilla de Espacio es además la de ser un texto que no se acaba nunca y enriquece su misterio en cada lectura forjando nuevas líneas de interpretación. En este estudio pretendemos definir esas líneas hermenéuticas distinguiendo entre “motivos” (mar, mujer, árbol, pájaro, perro...), “asunto” (lo anecdótico del poema) y “temas” (elementos recurrentes como tiempo-espacio, dios, conciencia y amor), que gravitan en torno a otro tema central: la conciencia como conocimiento individual de uno mismo.